Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty

The death penalty, also known as capital punishment, is the lawful imposition of death as punishment for a crime. In 2004 four (China, Iran, Vietnam, and the US) accounted for 97 percent of all global executions. On average, every 9-10 days a government in the United States executes a prisoner. It is the Eighth Amendment, the constitutional clause that prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, that is at the center of the debate about capital punishment in America. Although most Americans support capital punishment under some circumstances, according to Gallup support for capital punishment has dropped dramatically from a high of 80 percent in 1994 to about 60 percent today. Facts and Figures Red state executions per million population are an order of magnitude greater than blue state executions (46.4 v 4.5). Blacks are executed at a rate significantly disproportionate to their share of the overall population. Based on 2000 data, Texas ranked 13th in the country in violent crime and 17th in murders per 100,000 citizens. However, Texas leads the nation in death penalty convictions and executions. Since the 1976 Supreme Court decision that reinstated the death penalty in the United States, the governments of the United States had executed 1,136, as of December 2008. The 1,000th execution, North Carolinas Kenneth Boyd, occurred in December 2005. There were 42 executions in 2007. Death Row More than 3,300 prisoners were serving death-row sentences in the US in December 2008. Nationwide, juries are delivering fewer death sentences: since the late 1990s, they have dropped 50 percent. The violent crime rate has also dropped dramatically since the mid-90s, reaching the lowest level ever recorded in 2005. Latest Developments In 2007, the Death Penalty Information Center released a report, â€Å"A Crisis of Confidence: Americans’ Doubts About the Death Penalty.† The Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty should reflect the conscience of the community, and that its application should be measured against societys evolving standards of decency. This latest report suggests that 60 percent of Americans do not believe that the death penalty is a deterrent to murder. Moreover, almost 40 percent believe that their moral beliefs would disqualify them from serving on a capital case. And when asked whether they prefer the death penalty or life in prison without parole as punishment for murder, the respondents were split: 47 percent death penalty, 43 percent prison, 10 percent unsure. Interestingly, 75 percent believe that a higher degree of proof is required in a capital case than in a prison as punishment case. (poll margin of error /- ~3%) In addition, since 1973 more than 120 people have had their death row convictions overturned. DNA testing has resulted in 200 non-capital cases to be overturned since 1989. Mistakes like these shake public confidence in the capital punishment system. Perhaps it is not surprising, then, that almost 60 percent of those polled—including almost 60 percent of the southerners—in this study believe that the United States should impose a moratorium on the death penalty. An ad hoc moratorium is almost in place. After the 1,000th execution in December 2005, there were almost no executions in 2006 or the first five months of 2007. History Executions as a form of punishment date to at least the 18th century BC. In America, Captain George Kendall was executed in 1608 in the Jamestown Colony of Virginia; he was accused of being a spy for Spain. In 1612, Virginia death penalty violations included what modern citizens would consider minor violations: stealing grapes, killing chickens and trading with Indians. In the 1800s, abolitionists took up the cause of capital punishment, relying in part on Cesare Beccarias 1767 essay, On Crimes and Punishment. From the 1920s-1940s, criminologists argued that the death penalty was a necessary and preventative social measure. The 1930s, also marked by the Depression, saw more executions than any other decade in our history. From the 1950s-1960s, public sentiment turned against capital punishment, and the number executed plummeted. In 1958, the Supreme Court ruled in Trop v. Dulles that the Eighth Amendment contained an evolving standard of decency that marked the progress of a maturing society. And according to Gallup, public support reached an all-time low of 42 percent in 1966. Two 1968 cases caused the nation to rethink its capital punishment law. In U.S. v. Jackson, the Supreme Court ruled that requiring that the death penalty be imposed only upon recommendation of a jury was unconstitutional because it encouraged defendants to plead guilty to avoid trial. In Witherspoon v. Illinois, the Court ruled on juror selection; having a reservation was insufficient cause for dismissal in a capital case. In June 1972, the Supreme Court (5-4) effectively voided death penalty statutes in 40 states and commuted the sentences of 629 death row inmates. In Furman v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment with sentencing discretion was cruel and unusual and thus violated the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. In 1976, the Court ruled that capital punishment itself was constitutional while holding that new death penalty laws in Florida, Georgia and Texas—which included sentencing guidelines, bifurcated trials, and automatic appellate review—were constitutional. A ten-year moratorium on executions that had begun with the Jackson and Witherspoon ended on 17 January 1977 with the execution of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. Deterrence There are two common arguments in support of capital punishment: that of deterrence and that of retribution. According to Gallup, most Americans believe that the death penalty is a deterrent to homicide, which helps them justify their support for capital punishment. Other Gallup research suggests that most Americans would not support capital punishment if it did not deter murder. Does capital punishment deter violent crimes? In other words, will a potential murderer consider the possibility that they might be convicted and face the death penalty before committing murder? The answer appears to be no. Social scientists have mined empirical data searching for the definitive answer on deterrence since the early 20th century. And most deterrence research has found that the death penalty has virtually the same effect as long imprisonment on homicide rates. Studies suggesting otherwise (notably, writings of Isaac Ehrlich from the 1970s) have been, in general, criticized for methodological errors. Ehrlichs work was also criticized by the National Academy of Sciences - but it is still cited as a rationale for deterrence. A 1995 survey of police chiefs and country sheriffs found that most ranked the death penalty last in a list of six options that might deter violent crime. Their top two picks? Reducing drug abuse and fostering an economy that provides more jobs. Data on murder rates  seem to discredit the deterrence theory as well. The region of the county with the greatest number of executions—the South—is the region with the largest murder rates. For 2007, the average murder rate in states with the death penalty was 5.5; the average murder rate of the 14 states without the death penalty was 3.1. Thus deterrence, which is offered as a reason to support capital punishment (pro), doesnt wash. Retribution In Gregg v Georgia, the Supreme Court wrote that [t]he instinct for retribution is part of the nature of man... The theory of retribution rests, in part, on the Old Testament and its call for an eye for an eye. Proponents of retribution argue that the punishment must fit the crime. According to The New American: Punishment—sometimes called retribution—is the main reason for imposing the death penalty. Opponents of retribution theory believe in the sanctity of life and often argue that it is just as wrong for society to kill as it is for an individual to kill. Others argue that what drives American support for capital punishment is the impermanent emotion of outrage. Certainly, emotion not reason seems to be the key behind support for capital punishment. Costs Some supporters of the death penalty also contend it is less expensive than a life sentence. Nevertheless, at least 47 states do have life sentences without the possibility of parole. Of those, at least 18 have no possibility of parole. And according to the ACLU: The most comprehensive death penalty study in the country found that the death penalty costs North Carolina $2.16 million more per execution than a non-death penalty murder case with a sentence of life imprisonment (Duke University, May 1993). In its review of death penalty expenses, the State of Kansas concluded that capital cases are 70% more expensive than comparable non-death penalty cases. Conclusion More than 1000 religious leaders  have written an open letter to America and its leaders: We join with many Americans in questioning the need for the death penalty in our modern society and in challenging the effectiveness of this punishment, which has consistently been shown to be ineffective, unfair, and inaccurate...With the prosecution of even a single capital case costing millions of dollars, the cost of executing 1,000 people has easily risen to billions of dollars. In light of the serious economic challenges that our country faces today, the valuable resources that are expended to carry out death sentences would be better spent investing in programs that work to prevent crime, such as improving education, providing services to those with mental illness, and putting more law enforcement officers on our streets. We should make sure that money is spent to improve life, not destroy it...As people of faith, we take this opportunity to reaffirm our opposition to the death penalty and to express our belief in the sacredness of human life and in the human capacity for chan ge. In 2005, Congress considered the Streamlined Procedures Act (SPA), which would have amended the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). AEDPA placed restrictions on the power of federal courts to grant writs of habeas corpus to state prisoners. The SPA would have imposed additional limits on the ability of state inmates to challenge the constitutionality of their imprisonment through habeas corpus.

Different Approaches For Preparing Children - 1513 Words

Different Approaches for Preparing Children As far as time goes back, there has always been differences within cultures. From the different kinds of foods we enjoy to how we like to spend our past times. A main culture difference within the world of today is how we choose to raise our children. A Yale law professor under the name of Amy Chua has written a bestselling book called â€Å"Battle Hymm of the Tiger Mother.† Her book includes detailed descriptions on her reasons why Chinese mothers are superior and follows it up with the strict rules she lies on her children. Some of those include not being able to attend a sleep over, have a playdate, watch TV, play computer games and get any grade less than an A. She then uses the rest of her paper to talk about the differences between Chinese parenting and Western parenting. Chua was unknown to most of the world until her piece was published in the Wall Street Journal, which caused a big stir within the world. Many readers were ta ken back by her piece of writing, but others appraised her for shutting down the trend of parents trying to be best friends with their children. The main differences between Western and Chinese parenting is the different approaches to parenting, preparation to be competitive in the future market, and the amount of controversies between the two styles. As you all know, Chinese parenting and Western parenting come with some very key differences between each other. When it comes to the academic sides of bothShow MoreRelatedTeaching Students : The Basal Reading Approach, And Technology Based Approach821 Words   |  4 Pagesa variety of approaches teaching students to read, such as: the basal reading approach, literature based instruction approach, integrated language art approach, language instruction approach, and technology based approach. Which approach or combination of them a teacher will use in the classroom depends on the teacher’s beliefs and students’ needs. It is not easy to find out which approach would work best for each child; the teacher’s responsibility is to find alternative approaches to help eachRead MoreInternational Perspectives on Early Childhood Education1070 Words   |  4 Pagessystem to the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum of the United Kingdom. The essay will include reflection upon the similarities and differences of these approaches upon my settings practice. Today’s society has recognised that significant investment in early year’s provision has valuable long term effects on young children, families and the wider community. Cited in (Papatheodorou and Moyles, p1) As a result government intervention has increased as policy makers attempt to raiseRead MoreEvaluation Of A Classroom At The School Age Child s Theory Of Mind Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolves repeating the information to herself. 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I firmly believe that taking both the main valued approaches from the Traditional and Progressive Philosophies provides strong disciplinary focuses and knowledge integration. The combination of the two philosophies allows for a positive insight to all educational philosophies. Keeping the mind open to theseRead MoreManagement Of International Mobility1352 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of ‘soft skills’ and ‘hard skills’ mixture for a successful assignment. (Sparrow, Brewster and Harris, 2004; Morley and Flynn, 2003) A MNC has many choices regarding their staffing policies when recruiting for assignments; these come under different forms depending on the company’s preferences in terms of skills. †¢ Ethnocentric approach- Using Home country staff †¢ Polycentric approach- Using Host country staff †¢ Geocentric approach- Using staff from any parts of the world (Pelmutters, 1969)

Sample Last Will and Testament Including Spendthrift...

LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF EMMY H. JOHNSON I, EMMY H. JOHNSON, of Columbus, County of Franklin, state of Ohio, make this my Last Will and Testament, hereby revoking all earlier wills and codicils. ARTICLE I I direct that all of my funeral expenses and the cost of the administration of my estate be paid out of my residuary estate as soon as practicable after my death. ARTICLE II I give, devise, and bequeath one million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($1,250,000) in government issued bonds to my niece, SUSAN B. JOHNSON, if she is living on the thirtieth day after my death. ARTICLE III If my niece, SUSAN B. JOHNSON, is not living on the thirtieth day after my death, I give and devise her share of my estate,†¦show more content†¦No interest of the beneficiary under the trust shall be subject to the claims of creditors or other persons, nor to any bankruptcy proceeding, nor to any other liabilities or obligations of the beneficiary. ARTICLE VII If my nephew, THOMAS G. JOHNSON, is not living on the thirtieth day after my death, I give and devise his share of my estate, to his issues in equal shares per stirpes. ARTICLE VIII I nominate and appoint my attorney, ROBERT J. SCHELL, as executor of this will. If he shall fail to qualify or cease to serve, I nominate and appoint my brother, RALPH P. JOHNSON, to serve as executor in his place. ARTICLE IX I direct that any executor be exempt from giving surety on his or her official bond. I, the undersigned testator, do hereby declare that I sign and execute this instrument as my last will, that I sign it willingly in the presence of each of said witnesses, and that I execute it as my free and voluntary act for the purposes herein expressed, this 17th day of June, 2013. /s/_Emmy H. Johnson______ Emmy H. Johnson We, the undersigned witnesses, each do hereby declare in the presence of the aforesaid testator that the testator signed and executed this instrument as her last will in the presence of eachShow MoreRelatedIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesthey will find this edition at least slightly less faulty. I am very grateful to Dr (now Professor) E.N. Emenanjá » , Mr (now Dr) P.A. Anagbogu, and to Miss Helen Joe Okeke and Miss Ifeoma Okoye, students of Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, for last-minute [sic] help on the grammatical section of the introduction; and to the late Mr A.E. Ahunanya, Mrs Dorothy Njoku, and Miss Mercy Harry for their care over the typing. Kay Williamson Port Harcourt December, 1983 iii Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson

Societal and Political Determinant of Reform - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Societal and Political Determinant of Reform. Answer: Introduction The concept of gender equality and women empowerment has been globally adopted by the organizations over industries with a view to provide the women equal opportunity to compete in the male dominated society. The goal of the concept is to strengthen the power of women, especially in the economic field that will help in eradicating poverty in the countries (bh.undp.org 2017). Bahrain is one of the countries who have recently adopted steps for fighting the issues that were being faced by the women in the society to get out of their houses and take part in the mainstream economy to compete the men. Bahrain is located in Middle East, where women are strongly dominated by their male counter parts of the society in the name of religion (bh.undp.org 2017). The policies implemented by UNDP in the past decades to fight the stereotypic mentality and exploring the potential of women reflect some positive outcome (bh.undp.org 2017). The following report will identify the impact of gender equalit y and women empowerment in the banking sector of Bahrain. The research proposal identifies the aims and objectives of the research along with a brief idea on the topic through the study of existing literatures. This proposal also communicates the methodologies incorporated for the completion of the research and the time required. Research Aim The primary aim of the research is to identify the link between gender equality and women empowerment in relation to the banking sector of Bahrain. The research further seeks clarification on the implementation of gender equality and women empowerment in the sector and identifies the way women are treated in this sector. Research Objectives To identify the link between gender equality and women empowerment in relation to the banking sector of Bahrain To identify the reality in the banking industry for Bahrain To identify the extent of implementation of the mentioned concepts in the industry. Research Question How women are treated in the banking sector of Bahrain? How gender equality and women empowerment is perceived in the banking sector of Bahrain? To what extent the gender equality is visible in the industry? Literature Review It was the feminists of 80s and 90s who popularized the concept of women empowerment and gender equality around the globe (Cornwall and Rivas 2015). According to Cornwall and Rivas (2015) the topic was in the lime light at the end of 20th century and received acceptance around industry. Industries were in the front row to embrace the concept (Cornwall and Rivas 2015). However, the current situation in the business world reflects different scenario than the stated (Cornwall and Rivas 2015). A transformation in the frame and policies is necessary for attaining the global gender justice. Al Gharaibeh (2011) focused on the concept in relation to Bahrain, a small Arabian Gulf country that received its freedom from Britain in 1971. The modern independent government of Bahrain sought to exploit the women capital of the country for attaining economic, social, and political benefits (Al Gharaibeh 2011). However, gender discrimination and male dominance was deeply embedded in the society and c ulture of the people of Bahrain. Hence, the realities came out to be different than the one stated in the legislation of the country (Al Gharaibeh 2011). The author also highlighted that though women gained access to the public sphere, they are largely discriminated on the basis of their cultural and social norms stated by their early ancestors. Karolak (2013) on the other hand reviewed the legislation of Bahrain. His findings stated that the government of Bahrain strongly supports the idea of gender equality. However, the study at the same time reflects the absence of any directly stated law for holding the interest of the women in the workplace. This led to the workplace discrimination for the women as they are paid considerably less than their male counterparts are. Karloks study identified that the women on an average receives about 76% of the salary compared to the male for similar position. Kemp, Madsen and Davis (2015) in their study compared women leadership accross countries in the Arabian Gulf. The results of their reports reflect that the women participation of in the economic fields are significantly low in the countries like Kingdom of Bahrain. Moreover, leaders in business organizations hold their cultural point of view and reflects negative attitude for the womens economic participation (Kemp, Madsen and Davis 2015). Naturally, the authors found even less number of women in the authoritative positions in these business organizations of Bahrain in exchange of a significant amount of struggles they face in everyday operation. Similar study conducted by Pillai, Prasad and Thomas (2011) represents a high level of discrimination in the industries of Bahrain regardless of the educational qualification the women held. The women are provided ample opportunities to enter the economic sphere of the country. However, they are likely to face a number of hurdles in the path of getting appraisal and claim for the higher position in ht organization. Gender prejudiced discrimination against the women restricts them from climbing up the corporate ladder in the kingdom of Bahrain. Al-Ghazali, Yusoff and Sadi (2013) took a different approach and studied women entrepreneurs of Bahrain and compared them with the male entrepreneurs to identify the motivations and barriers that the women face. The results clearly state that economic growth works as the primary motivation for the women in setting up their own business. This is evidenced in both the cases of male and female entrepreneurs of the country (Al-Ghazali, Yusoff and Sadi 2013). However, the barriers that work against women are primarily societal. The male dominated society of Bahrain constantly de-motivates the women and makes them doubt their own capabilities in the process country (Al-Ghazali, Yusoff and Sadi 2013). Moreover, they lack of information on the market, due to the lack of support received from the government in the process of data accumulation. This restricts them to explore the market information required to thrive in the market. Kauser and Tlaiss (2011) conducted a multidimensional study on the women of the Middle East Islamic countries that includes the women in the Kingdom of Bahrain. They found that the growth of the employed women in this particular segment of world is considerably slow reflecting a growth of 2% from 1990 to 2004 (Kauser and Tlaiss 2011). They further identified that women employment is restricted particularly in the service sector. The report further highlights the fact that the women in Bahrain and other Middle East countries make up the most of the labour force in the service industries despite similar education they receive as the men. The number of women in higher authority is significantly low (Kauser and Tlaiss 2011). Men employees are given priority despite of their educational qualification when compared to the women employees (Kauser and Tlaiss 2011). Another study The impact of gender, family, and work on the career advancement of Lebanese women managers by Tlaiss and Kauser ( 2011) identified that women over industries in Middle East Islamic countries including Bahrain are paid less compared to their male colleagues. The women interviewed by the authors do not perceive the factors such as family responsibilities as obstacles to their carrier progression but blames the gender discrimination. They could easily manage both their professional and family simultaneously. Male with less educational qualification in these countries are paid more in comparison with female employees until date, which is because of gender inequality. Literature gap The above very short and brief provides a glimpse about women in Bahrain find strong barriers in their economic life due to the absence of direct law safeguarding their interest. This leads to the discrimination based on the sex of an employee in the workplace. They face challenges in surviving and getting promotion in their workplace (Karolak 2013). Moreover, there is a considerable gap in the literary work that has been conducted on the Bahraini banking sector in relation to gender equality and women empowerment, because most of the publications around this topic are from Middle East. Hence, there is ample scope to conduct research on the banking sector of Bahrain and identify the kinds of hurdles the women have to face for surviving and climbing up the ladder in the sector. Research Hypothesis H0 The women in banking organizations in Bahrain are equally treated compared to their male counterpart. H1 Women are provided less importance and advantage in the banking compared to the male. Research Methodology Research design is the overall structure of a report. It can communicate the complete procedure of the research conducted. Six different layers come together to formulate a research design, where each of the layers communicates different methodologies incorporated for the completion of the report (Sekaram and Bougie 2016). Figure 1: Research Onion (Adopted from Sekaram and Bougie 2016) Research Philosophy Four different philosophies inform the reader about the mode of data collection, analysis, and utilization for the particular report. They are realism, interpretivism, positivism, and post-positivism (Eriksson and Kovalainen 2015). Philosophy incorporated for this research is positivism as it helps in uncovering the truth on a particular topic by accumulating knowledge. That in this case will help in understanding the link between gender equality and women empowerment in relation with the banking sector of Bahrain and its impact on the industry. Figure 2: Research Philosophy (Adopted from Eriksson and Kovalainen 2015) Research Approach Two types of research approaches can possibly be taken for the completion of a research - the inductive and deductive approach. An inductive approach is required when the research conducted for proposing new theory on the concept being study. Whereas, the deductive approach is taken into consideration to fulfil the need of validating the existing theory (Waltman et al. 2012). This research aims to identify the link between the gender equality and women empowerment in relation to the banking sector of Bahrain. Moreover, the focus will be given on the change that is visible due to the implementation of the mentioned concepts. Hence, the deductive approach will come in handy for fulfilment of the need of validation. Figure 3: Research Approach (Adopted from Waltman et al. 2012) Data Collection and Analysis Both primary and secondary data will be utilized for the completion of the report due to the limited access for in-depth field research in the industry. Moreover, this research will also consider qualitative and quantitative data collection for understanding the topic and its impact on the organizations. Hence, as narrated by Palinkas et al. (2015) mixed method will be incorporated to extract complete data on gender equality and women empowerment in the organizations of Bahrain. The quantitative data will be collected using questionnaires, which will be distributed to the respondents for providing their opinion. This is referred as closed ended interview. Qualitative data on the other hand will be collected using open ended questions. Here the respondent will be provided scope for expressing their view regarding the issue. The administrative authority of the banking organizations will be interviewed with the open ended questions for gaining deeper insight. The analysis requires a number of analytical tools. The regression tool will be helpful in analyzing the quantitative data, whereas, the qualitative data will be analyzed using pattern identification (Cameron and Trivedi 2013). The concluding tool that is required is the hypothesis testing. This helps in identifying the relation between the variables identified in the research. Sampling Random sampling method will be utilized in this research as it is free from biasness of the researcher (Levy and Lemeshow 2013). The sample for data collection in this case is randomly selected out of the target population. Hence, this will provide authentic data for the research. A sample of five banking organizations in Bahrain will be selected using random sampling technique for this research. Ethical Consideration It is important in any research to safeguard the interest of the respondents. Endangering the respondent by exposing their comment in the research will be a direct violation of the research ethics (Miller et al. 2012). Hence, it is important to maintain secrecy regarding the names of the respondents. However, this may include the job title of the respondent. Time Schedule Main activities/ stages Month November 2017 Month December 2017 Month January 2018 Month February 2018 Month March 2018 Month April 2018 Selection of topic Constructing the research layout Literature review Selection of Appropriate Research Techniques Development of research Plan Collecting data from secondary sources Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data which are collected Conclusion Development of Draft Final Work submission References Al Gharaibeh, F., 2011. Women's empowerment in Bahrain.Journal of International Women's Studies,12(3), p.96. Al-Ghazali, B.M., Yusoff, R.M. and Sadi, M.A., 2013. Women Entrepreneurs in Bahrain: Motivations and Barriers.Sains Humanika,64(2). bh.undp.org. 2017.Women's Empowerment. [online] Available at: https://www.bh.undp.org/content/bahrain/en/home/ourwork/womenempowerment/overview.html [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]. Cameron, A.C. and Trivedi, P.K., 2013.Regression analysis of count data(Vol. 53). Cambridge university press. Cornwall, A. and Rivas, A.M., 2015. From gender equality and womens empowermentto global justice: reclaiming a transformative agenda for gender and development.Third World Quarterly,36(2), pp.396-415. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research. Sage. Karolak, M., 2013. Between Womens Empowerment and Emancipation.. Societal and Political Determinants of Reforms in the Kingdom of Bahrain.Arabian Humanities. Revue internationale darchologie et de sciences sociales sur la pninsule Arabique/International Journal of Archaeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula, (1). Kauser, S. and Tlaiss, H., 2011. The Arab women manager: participation, barriers, and future prospects.Journal of International Business and Economy,12(1), pp.35-56. Kemp, L.J., Madsen, S.R. and Davis, J., 2015. Women in business leadership: A comparative Study of countries in the Gulf Arab states.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,15(2), pp.215-233. Levy, P.S. and Lemeshow, S., 2013.Sampling of populations: methods and applications. John Wiley Sons. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. and Jessop, J. eds., 2012.Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. and Hoagwood, K., 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation Pillai, K.R., Prasad, S. and Thomas, J., 2011. Why do women still experience downward gravitation in the corporate ladder? A close look at glass ceiling in Bahrain.Research Practice in Human Resource Management,19(1), p.1. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Tlaiss, H. and Kauser, S., 2011. The impact of gender, family, and work on the career advancement of Lebanese women managers.Gender in Management: An International Journal,26(1), pp.8-36. Waltman, L., Calero?Medina, C., Kosten, J., Noyons, E., Tijssen, R.J., Eck, N.J., Leeuwen, T.N., Raan, A.F., Visser, M.S. and Wouters, P., 2012. The Leiden Ranking 2011/2012: Data collection, indicators, and interpretation.Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,63(12), pp.2419-2432.